The chocolate chip cookie is usually credited to Ruth Wakefield, who ran the Toll House Inn in Whitman, Massachusetts, in the 1930s. The popular story says she ran out of nuts and broke a Nestlé chocolate bar into pieces for the dough, expecting it to soften, but later accounts describe a deliberate experiment. The recipe descends from 19th-century chocolate jumbles, and chocolate had been in cookies earlier. Nestlé then made a deal with Wakefield, printed her recipe on its wrappers, and began selling chocolate in small pieces called morsels.

Hampi is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Karnataka, India, with more than 1,600 surviving remains spread over 4,100 hectares. It was the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire from 1336 to 1565. Travellers from Persia and Portugal described it as a prosperous, wealthy and grand city with temples, markets and farms along the Tungabhadra River. By 1500 it was estimated to be the world's second-largest city after Beijing, and probably India's richest at the time. In 1565 a coalition of Muslim sultanates defeated the Vijayanagara Empire, its capital was conquered and destroyed, and the city was left in ruins. Hampi remains a religious centre, with the active Virupaksha Temple at its heart.