Peanut butter has roots in Aztec and Inca pastes made from ground roasted peanuts. The modern production process dates to 1884, when Marcellus Gilmore Edson of Montreal patented milling roasted peanuts on heated surfaces into a paste that was hardened with sugar. John Harvey Kellogg patented a process in 1898 and served peanut butter to patients as a protein food. In 1922 Joseph Rosefield patented a way to keep the oil from separating, which led to Skippy, and smooth and chunky varieties followed. George Washington Carver is often credited with inventing it, but he did not.

Hampi is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Karnataka, India, with more than 1,600 surviving remains spread over 4,100 hectares. It was the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire from 1336 to 1565. Travellers from Persia and Portugal described it as a prosperous, wealthy and grand city with temples, markets and farms along the Tungabhadra River. By 1500 it was estimated to be the world's second-largest city after Beijing, and probably India's richest at the time. In 1565 a coalition of Muslim sultanates defeated the Vijayanagara Empire, its capital was conquered and destroyed, and the city was left in ruins. Hampi remains a religious centre, with the active Virupaksha Temple at its heart.