The gambler's fallacy is the belief that an outcome which has happened less often than expected is more likely to happen next. A die that has not shown a 4 recently is not 'due' a 4. Each roll is independent, so the chance stays at one in six. The fallacy is named after a famous run at the Monte Carlo Casino in 1913, when a roulette wheel landed on black 26 times in a row, and gamblers bet heavily on red. It also goes by the Monte Carlo fallacy. It comes from a misreading of the law of large numbers, which describes long-run averages rather than short-run corrections.

Hampi is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Karnataka, India, with more than 1,600 surviving remains spread over 4,100 hectares. It was the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire from 1336 to 1565. Travellers from Persia and Portugal described it as a prosperous, wealthy and grand city with temples, markets and farms along the Tungabhadra River. By 1500 it was estimated to be the world's second-largest city after Beijing, and probably India's richest at the time. In 1565 a coalition of Muslim sultanates defeated the Vijayanagara Empire, its capital was conquered and destroyed, and the city was left in ruins. Hampi remains a religious centre, with the active Virupaksha Temple at its heart.