Virginia Apgar, an American anesthesiologist, created a five-part check still run on almost every newborn within minutes of birth: heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, reflex response and skin colour, each scored from 0 to 2 for a total out of 10. Her key move was turning bedside observations into a number, so that doctors could compare babies and track how they fared. In the early 1950s she presented the score, and a study of 17,221 babies across 12 institutions showed it predicted survival and development. Today the scores can be pooled across hospitals to see how anesthetics or labour affect newborns. Apgar had wanted to be a surgeon but was discouraged, so she moved into the newer field of anesthesiology and became the first woman appointed full professor at Columbia's medical college.

Hampi is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Karnataka, India, with more than 1,600 surviving remains spread over 4,100 hectares. It was the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire from 1336 to 1565. Travellers from Persia and Portugal described it as a prosperous, wealthy and grand city with temples, markets and farms along the Tungabhadra River. By 1500 it was estimated to be the world's second-largest city after Beijing, and probably India's richest at the time. In 1565 a coalition of Muslim sultanates defeated the Vijayanagara Empire, its capital was conquered and destroyed, and the city was left in ruins. Hampi remains a religious centre, with the active Virupaksha Temple at its heart.