
historyThe Public Domain Review1886–1887 · Lyon, France
A prayer book woven by punch-card looms prefigured computing
The Livre de Prières, made in Lyon in 1886-87, is a prayer book in the style of medieval books of hours, but its pages are woven, not handwritten or printed. It was produced on Jacquard looms, machines that read holes punched in cards to control which threads are lifted, and which are considered forerunners of computer programming. Hundreds of thousands of punch cards directed the weaving of black and grey silk threads to create the text and imagery. A local priest, Jean Hervier, drew the designs, and weaver Joseph-Alphonse Henry and editor Antoine Roux made the book. It celebrated Lyon's jubilee of 1886 and its silk industry, joining a luxury medieval tradition with modern machinery.
The book is a milestone in the history of computing, since it shows punch-card programming applied to text and images decades before electronic computers. It also expresses civic pride in Lyon's textile heritage.
Joseph-Marie Jacquard, who invented the programmable loom in the early 1800s, was born in Lyon, and punch cards inspired Charles Babbage's design for his Analytical Engine.
background
The Jacquard machine (French: [ʒakaʁ]) is a device fitted to a loom that simplifies the process of manufacturing textiles with such complex patterns as brocade, damask and matelassé. The resulting ensemble of the loom and Jacquard machine is then called a Jacquard loom. The machine was patented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1804, based on earlier inventions by the Frenchmen Basile Bouchon (1725), Jean Baptiste Falcon (1728), and Jacques Vaucanson (1740). The machine was controlled by a "chain of cards"; a number of punched cards laced together into a continuous sequence. Multiple rows of holes were punched on each card, with one complete card corresponding to one row of the design.
From Wikipedia: Jacquard machine (CC BY-SA 4.0) ↗Image: The Public Domain Review
