The Battle of Bosworth Field was fought on 22 August 1485 and was the last significant battle of the Wars of the Roses. Henry Tudor landed in south-west Wales in August 1485 and marched inland, gathering support as he moved towards London. King Richard III divided his army into three groups, and his vanguard under the Duke of Norfolk struggled against Henry's forces while the Earl of Northumberland failed to act. Richard then charged across the battlefield to kill Henry directly, but the Stanley family intervened when the king's knights became separated from the army. Richard was surrounded and killed, the last English monarch to die in battle. Henry was crowned king afterwards and married Elizabeth of York, uniting the houses.

Hampi is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Karnataka, India, with more than 1,600 surviving remains spread over 4,100 hectares. It was the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire from 1336 to 1565. Travellers from Persia and Portugal described it as a prosperous, wealthy and grand city with temples, markets and farms along the Tungabhadra River. By 1500 it was estimated to be the world's second-largest city after Beijing, and probably India's richest at the time. In 1565 a coalition of Muslim sultanates defeated the Vijayanagara Empire, its capital was conquered and destroyed, and the city was left in ruins. Hampi remains a religious centre, with the active Virupaksha Temple at its heart.