In the 1980s and 1990s HIV deaths rose rapidly, even though several effective antiretroviral drugs existed. The virus evolved to evade each drug on its own, so patients kept dying. The breakthrough was highly active antiretroviral therapy, which combines several drugs that attack the virus in different ways. Taking the drugs together made it much harder for the virus to adapt, and it kept levels suppressed in the body. Over time, treatment became widely available in many countries, changing HIV from a fatal diagnosis into a long-term condition for people who stay on treatment. Our World in Data tracks how deaths fell as access expanded.

Hampi is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Karnataka, India, with more than 1,600 surviving remains spread over 4,100 hectares. It was the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire from 1336 to 1565. Travellers from Persia and Portugal described it as a prosperous, wealthy and grand city with temples, markets and farms along the Tungabhadra River. By 1500 it was estimated to be the world's second-largest city after Beijing, and probably India's richest at the time. In 1565 a coalition of Muslim sultanates defeated the Vijayanagara Empire, its capital was conquered and destroyed, and the city was left in ruins. Hampi remains a religious centre, with the active Virupaksha Temple at its heart.