historyanalysisWellcome Collection1790s–1915 · Switzerland and France

Absinthe's 'madness' was largely a myth, but the ban was real

the gist

Absinthe is a spirit flavoured with wormwood, anise and fennel, and is famed for the "green fairy" and for supposedly causing madness. It began in Switzerland in the late 1700s as a medicinal elixir and became hugely popular in 19th-century France. It was banned in Switzerland in 1910 and France in 1915, after campaigners, and winemakers worried about competition, blamed it for violence and crime. Its reputation for hallucinations came from thujone, a compound in wormwood, but the amount in absinthe is far too low to have that effect. The real danger was its high alcohol content, usually 45-74 percent.

so what

Absinthe shows how moral panic and commercial rivalry can shape drug laws. After studies showed the hallucination claims to be myth, the ban was lifted in many countries from the 1990s.

fun fact

Vincent van Gogh and other artists were associated with absinthe, though most scholars think his illness had other causes.

Wellcome Collection · CC BY 4.0

Illustrative photo · David Monniaux, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons