Trick-or-treating grew from soul-cakes and guising, not from a single ancient rite
the gist
Trick-or-treating grew from older customs of going door to door for food. In England, souling saw people go from parish to parish at Allhallowtide singing for soul-cakes in return for prayers for the dead, a practice Shakespeare mentions in 1593. In Scotland and Ireland, guising let costumed visitors receive treats in return for a song, joke or poem. Some historians link these to Celtic Samhain beliefs that spirits roamed at the turn of autumn and had to be appeased. The phrase trick or treat appeared in North America: the earliest known use is a 1917 report from Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, using the form tricks or treats, and it spread across the United States through the 1930s and 1940s.
so what
Halloween's most familiar American ritual is the result of centuries of exchange across the Atlantic, with immigrants carrying customs from Britain, Ireland and Scotland. The threat of a prank in the phrase shows the older idea of a bargain with spirits.
fun fact
Athenaeus records that children on the Greek island of Rhodes once went door to door dressed as swallows, singing for food.
In 1909 D. W. Griffith made a 14-minute film about a speculator who corners the wheat market and doubles the price of bread. A farmer sows his field while a 'Wheat King' gambles in the Chicago wheat pit; bakers raise the loaf from five cents to ten and the poor line up for bread. Griffith cut back and forth between the farm, the feast and the breadline, a technique called parallel editing, so audiences saw both ends of the economy at once. The film drew on Frank Norris's stories and on a real scheme: months earlier Chicago financier James Patten had cornered wheat, sent bread prices up and made about $5 million, roughly $185 million today.
how it works
To corner a market, a trader buys up most of the available supply and the futures contracts that promise more. Anyone who has to deliver the commodity must then buy from the cornerer at whatever price is demanded. The trader profits until the stock is released or the scheme collapses.
so what
A century on, it still shows how markets can be rigged by someone who controls supply, and how the people at either end, farmers and eaters, pay for it. It also helped establish editing as a way to argue a point, not just tell a story.
the bigger pattern
Corners have recurred whenever supply could be locked up, from the Hunt brothers' attempt on silver in 1979 to 1980 to the 'Black Friday' gold panic of 1869. Many such schemes end by collapsing, and the response is often new rules on speculation.
fun fact
In the film the Wheat King dies by falling into a grain elevator and being buried in the wheat he hoarded, an ending borrowed from Norris's novel The Octopus.
more on this
background
A Corner in Wheat is a 1909 American short silent film which tells of a greedy tycoon who tries to corner the market in wheat, destroying the lives of the people who can no longer afford to buy bread. It was directed by D. W. Griffith and adapted by Griffith and Frank E. Woods from a novel and a short story by Frank Norris, titled The Pit and "A Deal in Wheat". Griffith may have had a real-life inspiration: six months earlier, James A. Patten had actually cornered the market in wheat, and in some cities, the price of bread doubled from five cents to ten, just as in the movie.
In 1994, A Corner in Wheat was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
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