historyWikipedia2003 · Texas and Louisiana, USA
Foam that struck Columbia's wing at launch later doomed the shuttle on its return
On 1 February 2003 the Space Shuttle Columbia broke apart while re-entering the atmosphere over Texas and Louisiana, killing all seven astronauts aboard. The mission, STS-107, was the 28th flight of the orbiter and was devoted mainly to scientific research in a laboratory module in the cargo bay. During launch, a piece of insulating foam broke off the external fuel tank and struck the thermal protection tiles on the left wing. Foam shedding had happened on earlier flights, sometimes causing minor damage, but some engineers suspected that this strike was more serious. During re-entry, hot gases entered the damaged wing and destroyed its internal structure, causing the orbiter to become unstable and disintegrate. The disaster was the second loss of a shuttle after Challenger in 1986. NASA suspended shuttle flights for more than two years and changed its procedures, adding in-orbit inspections and rescue readiness, and shuttle flights afterwards were limited to the International Space Station.
The loss led to lasting changes in how NASA inspects and plans for damage in flight. It also shaped how the agency weighed risk in its human spaceflight programme.
Columbia was the first orbiter to fly into space, making its maiden flight in 1981.
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