Angkor was the largest pre-industrial city on Earth, covering about 3,000 square kilometres

10:49

supplementary video · Epimetheus on YouTube ↗

world cultures & travelWikivoyage9th–15th century · Siem Reap, Cambodia

Angkor was the largest pre-industrial city on Earth, covering about 3,000 square kilometres

the gist

Angkor, near Siem Reap in northern Cambodia, was the capital of the Khmer Empire, which ruled much of mainland Southeast Asia between roughly the 9th and 15th centuries. At its height the city spread across about 3,000 square kilometres, making it the largest pre-industrial city on Earth by area. Its growth depended on water: huge reservoirs called barays, along with canals and embankments, stored monsoon rain and carried it to rice fields. That system let farmers harvest more than once a year and fed a very large population through the dry season. The temple complex of Angkor Wat, built in the early 12th century, is the best-known monument and still stands at the heart of the park.

how it works

The Khmer kings built enormous rectangular reservoirs that caught monsoon rain during the wet season. Earthen dykes and canals moved that water into rice paddies, so farmers could grow crops across much of the year. The surplus food supported craftsmen, builders and the workforce that raised the temples.

so what

Angkor shows how a society without industrial machinery could build a city on a scale that rivals modern metropolises, using engineering and water management instead. Some historians link its decline to drought, flooding and shifts in its water systems, which makes it a long-running case study in how cities depend on managing water. The site is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the most important archaeological landscapes in Southeast Asia.

fun fact

The outline of Angkor Wat appears on the national flag of Cambodia.

Trump and Netanyahu reportedly clash over whether to resume military action against Iran

the gist

Israeli reports also say the cabinet directed the military to prepare for a possible new attack on Iran.

so what

The United States and Israel have been closely aligned on Iran's nuclear programme and regional threats, so open disagreement between their leaders over military strategy is unusual and closely watched. Whether to resume strikes is a decision with consequences for shipping, oil markets and the wider Middle East.

fun fact

Benjamin Netanyahu has served as Prime Minister of Israel for more years in total than any other person.

read it onThe Times of India The Tribune

search onBBCNYTCNNReutersAPAl Jazeera

Data: GDELT Project

Illustrative photo · Israel Belkind and Fanny Abramovitch (original) “The Provis…, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

arts, ideas & societyThe Public Domain Reviewc. 1500–1529 · Basel, Switzerland

A Swiss Renaissance artist drew mercenaries from the inside, as one himself

the gist

Urs Graf the Elder was a Swiss goldsmith, printmaker and draughtsman active in Basel in the early 1500s, and also a mercenary who fought in the wars of the era. That gave his drawings an insider's view: ragged soldiers, camp followers and sex workers, rendered in nervy pen lines. Where many Renaissance artists idealised war, Graf showed its violence and vice. Scholars read an impotent melancholy in the nightmarish scenes, as if the figures were trapped in the lives they led. He also had a record of brawling and misconduct that landed him in trouble with Basel's authorities.

so what

Swiss mercenaries were a major military force in Renaissance Europe, and Graf's work is a rare picture of that world by someone who lived in it. His drawings sit apart from the polished courtly art of the time.