nature & planetKnowable Magazine
Save the parasites!
Parasites are a huge share of life: by some estimates they make up a large fraction of all species, yet conservation has focused on charismatic animals like pandas and tigers. Parasites are often specialised to a single host, so when the host declines or goes extinct, its parasites can vanish with it. Ecologists argue that parasites also hold ecosystems together: they shape food webs, regulate host populations and can drive evolution. Parasite ecologists are now pushing for them to be counted in conservation, and a few, such as the Californian condor's lice, have already been the subject of deliberate protection efforts.
Many parasites need one specific host species. If the host population shrinks, there are fewer hosts to infect and the parasite's own population collapses, a process called coextinction.
Losing a parasite can look like a win but can unbalance an ecosystem. Protecting biodiversity fully means protecting the hidden species that live on others, and that changes how extinction is measured.
Keystone ideas keep repeating in ecology: wolves in Yellowstone showed that overlooked or unloved species can reshape an entire system.
The Californian condor's louse was among the few parasites treated as a species worth conserving, after the bird's near-extinction.
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Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives (at least some of the time) on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. Parasites include single-celled protozoans such as the agents of malaria, sleeping sickness, and amoebic dysentery; animals such as hookworms, lice, mosquitoes, and vampire bats; fungi such as honey fungus and the agents of ringworm; and plants such as mistletoe, dodder, and the broomrapes.
There are six major parasitic strategies of exploitation of animal hosts, namely parasitic castration, directly transmitted parasitism (by contact), trophically-transmitted parasitism (by being eaten), vector-transmitted parasitism, parasitoidism, and micropredation. One major axis of classification concerns invasiveness: an endoparasite lives inside the host's body; an ectoparasite lives outside, on the host's surface.
From Wikipedia: Parasitism (CC BY-SA 4.0) ↗ · text CC BY-SA 4.0Knowable Magazine · CC BY-ND
Illustrative photo · Marco Vinci, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

