Doughnuts grew from ancient fried dough balls, and the ring shape arrived much later
the gist
Fried dough snacks are very old: the Roman writer Cato the Elder recorded a deep-fried dough ball sweetened with honey, cheese and poppy seeds. Similar recipes spread across Europe and the Arab world, and a 13th-century Arabic cookbook describes a doughnut-like sfenj shaped with a hole. In the early 18th century Dutch settlers brought oliekoek to New York, and by the early 1800s the name dough-nuts was in use. Washington Irving's 1809 history of New York described these fried cakes as a Dutch treat. Frozen baked doughnuts began selling in American supermarkets in the 1960s.
so what
The doughnut shows how a food travels: a simple idea of fried dough appeared independently in many cultures, then took its modern form in the Dutch and American communities that popularised it. Knowing this history reveals that the ring shape is a relatively recent refinement on a very old technique.
fun fact
Washington Irving, later famous for The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, wrote about Dutch-style dough-nuts in his 1809 history of New York.
Trump and Netanyahu reportedly clash over whether to resume military action against Iran
the gist
Israeli reports also say the cabinet directed the military to prepare for a possible new attack on Iran.
so what
The United States and Israel have been closely aligned on Iran's nuclear programme and regional threats, so open disagreement between their leaders over military strategy is unusual and closely watched. Whether to resume strikes is a decision with consequences for shipping, oil markets and the wider Middle East.
fun fact
Benjamin Netanyahu has served as Prime Minister of Israel for more years in total than any other person.
world cultures & travel·Wikivoyage·classic9th–15th century · Siem Reap, Cambodia
Angkor was the largest pre-industrial city on Earth, covering about 3,000 square kilometres
the gist
Angkor, near Siem Reap in northern Cambodia, was the capital of the Khmer Empire, which ruled much of mainland Southeast Asia between roughly the 9th and 15th centuries. At its height the city spread across about 3,000 square kilometres, making it the largest pre-industrial city on Earth by area. Its growth depended on water: huge reservoirs called barays, along with canals and embankments, stored monsoon rain and carried it to rice fields. That system let farmers harvest more than once a year and fed a very large population through the dry season. The temple complex of Angkor Wat, built in the early 12th century, is the best-known monument and still stands at the heart of the park.
how it works
The Khmer kings built enormous rectangular reservoirs that caught monsoon rain during the wet season. Earthen dykes and canals moved that water into rice paddies, so farmers could grow crops across much of the year. The surplus food supported craftsmen, builders and the workforce that raised the temples.
so what
Angkor shows how a society without industrial machinery could build a city on a scale that rivals modern metropolises, using engineering and water management instead. Some historians link its decline to drought, flooding and shifts in its water systems, which makes it a long-running case study in how cities depend on managing water. The site is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the most important archaeological landscapes in Southeast Asia.
fun fact
The outline of Angkor Wat appears on the national flag of Cambodia.
more on this
background
Angkor (Khmer: អង្គរ [ʔɑŋkɔː], lit. 'capital city'), also known as Yasodharapura (Khmer: យសោធរបុរៈ; Sanskrit: यशोधरपुर), was the capital city of the Khmer Empire, located in present-day Cambodia. The empire flourished from approximately the 9th to the 15th centuries. The site of Angkor has a variety of religious temples, libraries, moats, and other buildings. These other buildings could have been used by officials to the grand palace housing the Khmer king. Those constructed outside the main complex were not made of stone. One of the more visited places in Angkor is Angkor Wat, a temple complex that is one of Cambodia's tourist attractions.