historyWikipedia1154–1189 · England and France

Henry II ruled England and much of France, and his legal reforms shaped the common law

the gist

Henry II was King of England from 1154 until his death in 1189. He was the eldest son of Geoffrey of Anjou and Empress Matilda, and through his inheritances and his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine he controlled England, much of France and parts of Wales, Ireland and Scotland. Historians call his French lands the Angevin Empire. His conflict with Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, ended in Becket's murder in 1170. In 1173 his sons rebelled against him, backed by several European states, and he defeated the revolt through military action and loyal administrators. Pressure from his sons and from King Philip II of France led to his final defeat in 1189. His empire collapsed under his son John, but his legal reforms are widely seen as a foundation of English common law.

how it works

Henry used royal justices who travelled to hold court across the country, which gradually replaced local and church courts in many cases. Over time those judgments were recorded and reused as precedent, which is the basis of common law.

so what

Henry II's reign is the origin of many features of English government and law, including a royal court system that handled cases across the country. His reforms explain why England developed a strong centralised legal tradition. His empire also shows how a ruler's family could create large but fragile territories.

fun fact

Eleanor of Aquitaine had been queen of France before she married Henry.

more on this

key facts

Born
5 March 1133
Died
6 July 1189
Known as
monarch

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Adapted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia · CC BY-SA 4.0

Image: Wikimedia Commons