4:08

supplementary video · The Wall Street Journal on YouTube ↗

sportsanalysisThe Conversation (UK)

Hot or cold? Our research explores what works best after exercise

the gist

Ice baths are popular for recovering after hard exercise, but a trial of 40 active adults found no advantage for them. After a workout that damaged the thigh muscles, participants were assigned to a 10°C cold bath, a 42°C hot bath, 60°C hot air, or sitting still for 30 minutes. None of the methods restored strength significantly faster, and the cold bath had the slowest recovery, with strength back to about 82% after 72 hours versus 88-89% for the others. Hot-water immersion raised heat shock protein 72, a cell-protection molecule tied to repair, and heat showed better markers of damage and inflammation. Cold did reduce how sore people felt.

how it works

Hard, lengthening-type exercise such as downhill running damages muscle fibres, and the body sends immune cells to clear the debris and rebuild. That inflammation causes soreness for up to about three days, but it is also part of how muscle gets stronger. Heat appears to switch on protective proteins like HSP72, while cold may blunt some of the process while dulling pain.

so what

Feeling recovered and being recovered are different things: the cold bath eased soreness without improving strength or biological markers. The study is small, with ten people per group and mostly men, so it points to a hypothesis rather than a verdict, but it questions the assumption that colder is better.

fun fact

Heat shock proteins are named for being discovered in cells exposed to high temperatures, but they are produced under many kinds of stress.