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The Panchatantra, India's book of animal fables on the wise conduct of life

the gist

The Panchatantra, "Five Treatises", is an ancient Indian collection of interwoven animal fables in Sanskrit verse and prose, set within a frame story. Its prelude names an elderly Brahmin, Vishnusharma, who teaches three princes of King Amarasakti the principles of good government; some recensions name Vasubhaga instead. The fables illustrate niti, roughly "the wise conduct of life", through animals with human virtues and vices, and characters often tell stories within stories. Book one follows the jackal Damanaka, who schemes to break the friendships of a lion king. Book two is the reverse: a crow, a mouse, a turtle and a deer show that weak animals with different skills can accomplish together what none can alone. Book three tells of crows and owls at war, where a battle of wits proves stronger than a battle of swords. Books four and five show actions to avoid. In one fable a woman kills the mongoose she left with her child, seeing blood on its mouth, then finds the child alive and learns it had killed a snake to protect him.

so what

It is described as the most frequently translated literary work of India, with versions in nearly every major Indian language and some 200 versions in more than 50 languages. Its fables passed into the folklore of India, and it travelled as Kalilah wa Dimnah in Arabic and as the Fables of Bidpai in Europe.

similar stories in other cultures

Gelert (Wales): Llywelyn returns to find his baby missing and his hound's mouth bloody, kills the dog, then finds the child safe beside a wolf Gelert had killed. Aesop's Fables (ancient Greece): short fables of talking animals that often end with the moral underlined, such as The Lion and the Mouse.

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Adapted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia · CC BY-SA 4.0

Image: Johannes Hertel (1915), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons