money & economicsWikipedia1960s · United States

The office cubicle was designed in the 1960s to fix open offices, and then became the thing it replaced

the gist

The cubicle began as a reaction against open-plan offices. Before the 1960s, office workers sat at desks in open rooms, exposed to constant noise and activity. In 1960 Herman Miller founded a research unit that concluded the office had changed a great deal, yet its layout had not. The researcher Robert Propst found that open space reduced communication and personal initiative, and his team created the Action Office, which was first a sales failure. A redesigned Action Office line later sold about $5 billion by 2005. Many cube farms were built during the dotcom boom, and the cycle reversed in the 2000s, when open plans returned as a response to cubicles, and in 2020 plexiglass partitions reintroduced divisions.

how it works

Open-plan offices spread workers across a single room, so sound and interruptions travel easily. Cubicles add partial walls and desk boundaries, which reduce noise and visual distraction. The tradeoff is that walls also limit casual contact, which is why each design tends to create the complaints that the next one tries to fix.

so what

The cubicle shows that a solution to one problem can become the next problem, a cycle that has repeated in office design. Research on open plans finds they can reduce productivity and wellbeing, a finding that has kept the debate alive.

the bigger pattern

Office design has swung between open and closed layouts repeatedly. Frank Lloyd Wright promoted open plans in 1939, long before cubicles spread. The swings reflect shifting ideas about collaboration and focus.

fun fact

Robert Propst and George Nelson created the Action Office, but Nelson won an award for the design without crediting Propst.

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Adapted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia · CC BY-SA 4.0

Image: Wikimedia Commons