nature & planetNASA

Scotland’s Flow Country

the gist

The Flow Country in northern Scotland is Europe's largest blanket bog: about 1,900 square kilometres of soggy, treeless land covered in mosses, grasses and heather, and home to more than 30 species of sphagnum moss. It looks bleak but is one of the planet's great carbon stores. The ground is so waterlogged that microbes cannot fully break down dead plants, so they pile up as spongy peat, in places more than eight metres thick and accumulating for over 9,000 years. Globally, peatlands cover about 3 percent of land but hold more than 600 gigatons of carbon, roughly twice as much as all the world's forests. The Flow Country became the first peatland of its kind to win UNESCO World Heritage status.

how it works

Blanket bogs form only where rainfall is heavy, drainage is poor and evaporation is low. Waterlogged soil has little oxygen, so decay stalls and partly rotted plant matter accumulates layer by layer as peat.

so what

Unlike forests, which release carbon when they burn or die, intact bogs lock it away for millennia. Draining or planting them with conifers, as happened in parts of the Flow Country, can turn them from carbon sinks into carbon sources, which is why protecting them matters for climate.

fun fact

The Flow Country was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2024.

Credit: NASA

Image: NASA