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Zhong Kui, the fierce-faced Taoist guardian who drives away ghosts

the gist

Zhong Kui is a Taoist deity in Chinese mythology, traditionally regarded as a vanquisher of ghosts and evil beings. He is shown as a large man with a big black beard, bulging eyes and a wrathful expression, able to command 80,000 demons and often accompanied by bats, because the word for bat sounds like the word for fortune. The earliest extant reference to him is in Shen Kuo's Supplementary Notes to Dream Pool Essays, which records a portrait attributed to the Tang painter Wu Daozi and its inscription. In the story, Emperor Xuanzong lay ill and dreamed that a small ghost stole Consort Yang's sachet and his jade flute, until a far larger figure seized the thief and named himself Zhong Kui, a candidate in the imperial military examination who had sworn to rid the empire of such ghosts. The emperor woke cured and had Wu Daozi paint what he had seen. Later Ming and Qing plays add that Zhong Kui earned the highest score in the examinations but was refused the top title because of his appearance. His true origin remains unresolved: his figure grew from folk practice, religious ritual and art over a long history.

so what

From the Tang dynasty, emperors gave Zhong Kui portraits to ministers at year's end to ward off evil, and in the Song and Yuan periods Taoism honoured him as "Sage Lord Who Bestows Fortune and Guards the Household". His image is still painted on household gates and hung at New Year, house-warmings and shop openings, and in the "Zhong Kui Dance" a masked performer enacts the banishing of calamity.

similar stories in other cultures

In ancient Egypt, Bes was a protector of households, mothers and children whose images were kept in homes; unlike other gods shown in profile, he appeared full face, ready to attack any approaching evil. In Greek mythology, a Gorgon head was displayed on Athena's aegis, giving it the power to protect her from any weapon and to instil great fear in any enemy.

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Image: Anonymous Note: It has been traditionally attributed to Wu…, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons