historyWellcome Collection19th century · Europe and America

In the 1800s, tuberculosis was thought to fuel genius, and writers like Stevenson were admired for being sick

the gist

In the 19th century, tuberculosis, called consumption, was widely linked with creative genius. Its patients often looked pale and thin, and writers such as Robert Louis Stevenson, Emily Brontë and John Keats were admired as romantic invalids. Physicians described a state of high spirits called spes phthisica, and some believed fever, toxins or enforced rest sharpened the mind. Patients were sent to sanatoriums in warm places and told to rest, which clashed with the writing they were drawn to. Stevenson worked on Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde while in bed, and he also used opium, cocaine and morphine, which may have shaped his work.

how it works

Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterium that usually infects the lungs and spreads through the air when someone coughs. The damage builds slowly, causing coughing, fever, weight loss and blood in the sputum. Before antibiotics, rest and fresh air were the main treatments.

so what

The romantic image of the sick genius helped make tuberculosis glamorous, while hiding how deadly it was. The disease was widespread across European and American society, and the belief fed a wider cultural idea that suffering produced art.

fun fact

Robert Louis Stevenson called his tuberculosis Bluidy Jack.

more on this

background

Tuberculosis (TB), known historically as consumption, is a contagious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. It often initially infects the lungs, but can spread to other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in which case tuberculosis is considered to be inactive or latent. A small proportion of latent infections progress to active disease that, if left untreated, can be fatal. Typical symptoms of active TB are chronic cough with blood-containing mucus, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms.

Tuberculosis is spread from one person to the next through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough, spit, speak, or sneeze. People with latent TB do not spread the disease. A latent infection is more likely to become active in individuals with weakened immune systems. There are three principal tests for TB: the interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA), the tuberculin skin test, and the nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT).

From Wikipedia: Tuberculosis (CC BY-SA 4.0) ↗ · text CC BY-SA 4.0

Wellcome Collection · CC BY 4.0

Illustrative photo · Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons