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Endowment effect
The endowment effect is the tendency to value something more once you own it. People usually demand much more money to give up an object than they would pay to acquire the same object. In experiments, participants given a pen or a coffee mug were generally unwilling to trade it for an item of similar value. The effect appears even when ownership is brief, or when the item was assigned at random. Economists explain it through loss aversion, the idea from prospect theory that losses weigh more heavily than equivalent gains. Giving something up feels like a loss, while acquiring it feels like a gain. The concept was popularised by the economist Richard Thaler, and it challenges the textbook assumption that people value goods the same whether they own them or not.
Prospect theory says people evaluate outcomes relative to a reference point, and losses hurt more than gains feel good. Once an object is owned, it becomes the reference point, so parting with it is coded as a loss. Buyers, by contrast, see the purchase as a gain, which creates the gap between willingness to pay and willingness to accept.
It explains why sellers often ask more than buyers will pay, and why trades in markets, housing and sports cards can stall. It is a central idea in behavioural economics.
Richard Thaler, who popularised the endowment effect, later won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.
Adapted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia · CC BY-SA 4.0
Illustrative photo · Jkomlos, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
