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world cultures & travelThe Conversation: Arts + Culture (US)

Most of Australia’s First Nations languages don’t have gendered pronouns. Here’s why

the gist

Most of Australia's 460 First Nations languages have no gendered third-person pronoun. Many use one word for he, she and it, or a pronoun ending that avoids gender, and some use a demonstrative like that one. The Kriol pronoun im is used for comedian Mary G in Broome, whatever their gender. Gender does appear in other ways. Jingulu, spoken in the Elliott region, has four noun classes: masculine, feminine, neuter and vegetable. Vegetable covers many long, thin or pointed things, so the tail and the nose belong to it. In Dyirbal, spoken in northern Queensland, the category of a word can depend on Dreamtime stories, so most birds are feminine because they are believed to be the spirits of dead women.

how it works

Languages mark grammatical gender by using different word endings or articles for each class. Classes can be based on sex, shape, or categories like edible plants, so the grammar groups words in ways that reflect the speakers' understanding of the world.

so what

These systems show that grammar can encode a worldview, sorting things by shape, use and spiritual meaning rather than by sex alone. They challenge the assumption that gender in language is universal and fixed.

the bigger pattern

Noun-class systems are found across many language families, including the Bantu languages of Africa, where classes are based on shape and function as well as humans and animals.

fun fact

Jingulu has four genders, and one of them is vegetable.

more on this

background

Jingulu, also spelt Djingili, is an Australian language spoken by the Jingili people in the Northern Territory of Australia, historically around the township of Elliot. The language is an isolate branch of the Mirndi languages.

The Jingulu have (or had) a well-developed signed form of their language.

From Wikipedia: Jingulu language (CC BY-SA 4.0) ↗ · text CC BY-SA 4.0