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Hạ Long Bay's thousands of limestone islands took about 20 million years to form
Hạ Long Bay in northeastern Vietnam holds around 1,969 islets, most of them limestone, rising from the sea like sculpted towers. The limestone was laid down over roughly 500 million years, and the karst landscape was shaped over about 20 million years by a tropical wet climate that dissolved the rock. Rain and groundwater carved caves and steep cliffs, and when the land was partly submerged by rising seas, the peaks were left standing in water. The name means descending dragon, a legend that explains the islands as a dragon's tail plunging into the sea.
Rainwater is slightly acidic, so over very long periods it dissolves limestone along cracks and joints. Wide cracks become caves, and the rock left standing between them forms steep towers. When sea levels rose, the lowlands flooded and the towers became islands.
The bay is one of the clearest examples of tower karst on Earth, and its UNESCO listing protects a landscape that shows how climate and water can sculpt rock over tens of millions of years. Its limestone islands also support a rare mix of plants and animals, including many species found nowhere else. It is one of Vietnam's most visited places, so understanding its geology adds meaning to the trip.
Some of the bay's caves have been used by people for thousands of years, with prehistoric artifacts found in the area.
Adapted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia · CC BY-SA 4.0
Image: Wikimedia Commons
