history·Wikipedia1565–1573 · Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
Agra Fort was rebuilt in red sandstone by Akbar, and Shah Jahan was later held prisoner there
the gist
Agra Fort is a red sandstone fortress in Agra, rebuilt by the Mughal emperor Akbar between 1565 and 1573 on the site of an earlier brick fort. It was the main residence of the Mughal rulers until 1638, when the capital moved to Shahjahanabad in Delhi. Shah Jahan added white marble palaces and mosques, including the Diwan-i-Khas and Musamman Burj. The fort has a semi-circular plan facing the Yamuna river, and it was captured by the British in 1803. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
so what
The fort shows how Mughal architecture moved from Akbar's red sandstone to Shah Jahan's marble style, a shift visible in the Taj Mahal nearby. It also marks the transfer of imperial power from Agra to Delhi. Parts of it are still used by the Indian Army and closed to visitors.
fun fact
Shah Jahan was imprisoned in the fort by his son Aurangzeb and could look out at the Taj Mahal, where his wife was buried.
Adapted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia · CC BY-SA 4.0
Trump and Netanyahu reportedly clash over whether to resume military action against Iran
the gist
Israeli reports also say the cabinet directed the military to prepare for a possible new attack on Iran.
so what
The United States and Israel have been closely aligned on Iran's nuclear programme and regional threats, so open disagreement between their leaders over military strategy is unusual and closely watched. Whether to resume strikes is a decision with consequences for shipping, oil markets and the wider Middle East.
fun fact
Benjamin Netanyahu has served as Prime Minister of Israel for more years in total than any other person.
world cultures & travel·Wikivoyage·classic9th–15th century · Siem Reap, Cambodia
Angkor was the largest pre-industrial city on Earth, covering about 3,000 square kilometres
the gist
Angkor, near Siem Reap in northern Cambodia, was the capital of the Khmer Empire, which ruled much of mainland Southeast Asia between roughly the 9th and 15th centuries. At its height the city spread across about 3,000 square kilometres, making it the largest pre-industrial city on Earth by area. Its growth depended on water: huge reservoirs called barays, along with canals and embankments, stored monsoon rain and carried it to rice fields. That system let farmers harvest more than once a year and fed a very large population through the dry season. The temple complex of Angkor Wat, built in the early 12th century, is the best-known monument and still stands at the heart of the park.
how it works
The Khmer kings built enormous rectangular reservoirs that caught monsoon rain during the wet season. Earthen dykes and canals moved that water into rice paddies, so farmers could grow crops across much of the year. The surplus food supported craftsmen, builders and the workforce that raised the temples.
so what
Angkor shows how a society without industrial machinery could build a city on a scale that rivals modern metropolises, using engineering and water management instead. Some historians link its decline to drought, flooding and shifts in its water systems, which makes it a long-running case study in how cities depend on managing water. The site is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the most important archaeological landscapes in Southeast Asia.
fun fact
The outline of Angkor Wat appears on the national flag of Cambodia.
more on this
background
Angkor (Khmer: អង្គរ [ʔɑŋkɔː], lit. 'capital city'), also known as Yasodharapura (Khmer: យសោធរបុរៈ; Sanskrit: यशोधरपुर), was the capital city of the Khmer Empire, located in present-day Cambodia. The empire flourished from approximately the 9th to the 15th centuries. The site of Angkor has a variety of religious temples, libraries, moats, and other buildings. These other buildings could have been used by officials to the grand palace housing the Khmer king. Those constructed outside the main complex were not made of stone. One of the more visited places in Angkor is Angkor Wat, a temple complex that is one of Cambodia's tourist attractions.
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