The formal proposal for the World Wide Web was filed at CERN in 1990

science & techWikipedia1990 · Geneva, Switzerland

The formal proposal for the World Wide Web was filed at CERN in 1990

the gist

On 12 November 1990 Tim Berners-Lee published a formal proposal for the World Wide Web. Berners-Lee, then a computer scientist at CERN, had first proposed an information management system on 12 March 1989 to link the documents and data scattered across the laboratory's computers. In mid-November 1989 he got the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and server over the Internet. He devised the first Web browser and server, along with HTML and the URL system for addressing pages.

how it works

The Web combines three ideas: HTML, a markup language for documents; URLs, unique addresses for each page; and HTTP, the protocol a browser uses to ask a server for a page. Hyperlinks let one document point to another across any machine on the network.

so what

The Web turned the Internet, previously a tool for specialists, into a space anyone could use. Berners-Lee later founded the World Wide Web Consortium to keep its standards open, and received the 2016 Turing Award for the invention.

fun fact

Berners-Lee was knighted in 2004 for his pioneering work.

Trump and Netanyahu reportedly clash over whether to resume military action against Iran

the gist

Israeli reports also say the cabinet directed the military to prepare for a possible new attack on Iran.

so what

The United States and Israel have been closely aligned on Iran's nuclear programme and regional threats, so open disagreement between their leaders over military strategy is unusual and closely watched. Whether to resume strikes is a decision with consequences for shipping, oil markets and the wider Middle East.

fun fact

Benjamin Netanyahu has served as Prime Minister of Israel for more years in total than any other person.

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Data: GDELT Project

Illustrative photo · Israel Belkind and Fanny Abramovitch (original) “The Provis…, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

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supplementary video · Epimetheus on YouTube ↗

world cultures & travelWikivoyageclassic9th–15th century · Siem Reap, Cambodia

Angkor was the largest pre-industrial city on Earth, covering about 3,000 square kilometres

the gist

Angkor, near Siem Reap in northern Cambodia, was the capital of the Khmer Empire, which ruled much of mainland Southeast Asia between roughly the 9th and 15th centuries. At its height the city spread across about 3,000 square kilometres, making it the largest pre-industrial city on Earth by area. Its growth depended on water: huge reservoirs called barays, along with canals and embankments, stored monsoon rain and carried it to rice fields. That system let farmers harvest more than once a year and fed a very large population through the dry season. The temple complex of Angkor Wat, built in the early 12th century, is the best-known monument and still stands at the heart of the park.

how it works

The Khmer kings built enormous rectangular reservoirs that caught monsoon rain during the wet season. Earthen dykes and canals moved that water into rice paddies, so farmers could grow crops across much of the year. The surplus food supported craftsmen, builders and the workforce that raised the temples.

so what

Angkor shows how a society without industrial machinery could build a city on a scale that rivals modern metropolises, using engineering and water management instead. Some historians link its decline to drought, flooding and shifts in its water systems, which makes it a long-running case study in how cities depend on managing water. The site is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the most important archaeological landscapes in Southeast Asia.

fun fact

The outline of Angkor Wat appears on the national flag of Cambodia.