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politicsLibrary of Congress: In Custodia Legis

FALQ: Israel’s Election and Government Formation

the gist

Israel elects its 120-seat Knesset in a single national vote, with voters choosing party lists rather than individual candidates. After the October 27, 2026 election, official results were published on November 4 and handed to President Isaac Herzog. The president then gives the task of forming a government to the candidate most likely to succeed, who has 28 days, extendable by up to 14, to win a vote of confidence. If that fails, the mandate can pass to another candidate, then to any member who gathers 61 signatures, with 14 more days. The whole process can take up to 103 days, and if no government is sworn in, the Knesset automatically dissolves and new elections follow.

how it works

Seats are allocated in proportion to each party's share of the vote, so many parties win seats. The president consults party leaders and picks whoever seems best placed to assemble 61 backers, then coalition agreements swap ministries and policy goals for votes of confidence.

so what

Because no party usually wins an outright majority, Israeli governments are built through coalition agreements that trade ministerial posts for support. The strict clocks matter: they set how long talks can last and what happens when they fail. Soldiers, hospital patients, prisoners and others who cannot reach their home polling station vote with double envelopes.

has this happened before?

Failed coalition-building has sent Israel to the polls repeatedly: it held five elections between April 2019 and November 2022 after parties could not form a stable majority. Other parliamentary systems with proportional representation, such as Belgium and the Netherlands, have also had long coalition talks.

fun fact

The Knesset has had 120 members since the first one was elected in 1949.

more on this

background

Politics in Israel are based on parliamentary democracy. The Prime Minister of Israel is the head of government and leader of a multi-party system. Politics in Israel is dominated by Zionist parties. They traditionally fall into three camps, the first two being the largest: Labor Zionism, revisionist Zionism, and religious Zionism. There are also several non-Zionist Orthodox religious parties and non-Zionist secular left-wing groups, as well as non-Zionist and anti-Zionist Israeli Arab parties.

As of 2026, Israel is considered, alongside the Republic of Cyprus, one of the only electoral democracies in the Middle East.

From Wikipedia: Politics of Israel (CC BY-SA 4.0) ↗ · text CC BY-SA 4.0