world cultures & travelWikipedia16th–19th century · Mughal India

Mughal painting blended Persian, Indian and European styles into court books and portraits that prized realism

the gist

Mughal painting is a style of miniature art that developed at the Mughal courts of India between the 16th and 19th centuries. It grew out of Persian miniatures but added a far stronger interest in realistic portraits, animals and plants, partly influenced by Western prints that reached the court. Emperors such as Akbar commissioned enormous illustrated books, including a Hamzanama with roughly 1400 paintings, one on every opening, read aloud to the ruler as he looked at each image. Over time, the style spread to Hindu and Sikh courts, where it grew into many regional schools.

how it works

Miniature painting was made on paper or cloth in small, detailed images, often bound into books or mounted in albums called muraqqa. Court workshops employed many artists, who divided tasks such as drawing outlines, shading and colouring, so large projects could be finished quickly. Patrons' tastes shaped the work directly, since a painting was often made to please one ruler.

so what

Mughal painting shows how an empire used art as a tool of power and memory, from the ruler's image in royal portraits to vast illustrated histories of his dynasty. Its mix of Persian, Indian, Chinese and European influences also helped shape later Indian painting, including the Rajput and Pahari schools.

fun fact

Akbar kept an album of portraits of his courtiers and reportedly consulted it to remember who people were before making appointments.

Adapted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia · CC BY-SA 4.0

Photo: Govardhan (attribution), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons