odditiesThe Public Domain Review1880s · Maine, USA

Late 19th-century doctors in Maine studied lumberjacks who jumped and mimicked when startled

the gist

In the late 19th century, visitors to Maine noticed French-Canadian lumberjacks who jumped, struck out with their limbs or copied words and actions in languages they did not speak when they were startled. These men were called Jumping Frenchmen. The physician George M. Beard, who popularised the term neurasthenia for nervous exhaustion, studied them and linked the behaviour to religious frenzy and nervous illness. Later accounts often describe the condition as an exaggerated startle reflex. The case shows how medical explanations of the time mixed culture, religion and nerves.

how it works

An exaggerated startle reflex produces a strong involuntary response to a sudden stimulus, such as a jump or a flinch. Because the reflex can be strong and repeated, it can look like a learned or mimicked behaviour. Modern neurology treats it as a nervous system response rather than possession.

so what

The Jumping Frenchmen show how doctors of the era tried to explain unusual behaviour with contemporary theories of the mind. Their interpretations reflected ideas about culture and religion as much as biology. The story is a window into the history of psychiatry.

fun fact

George Beard coined the term neurasthenia in 1869 to describe a condition of nervous exhaustion.

more on this

background

The Jumping Frenchmen of Maine were a group of 19th-century lumberjacks who exhibited a rare disorder of unknown origin. The syndrome entails an exaggerated startle reflex which may be described as an uncontrollable "jump". Individuals with this condition could exhibit sudden movements in all parts of the body. Jumping Frenchmen syndrome shares some symptoms with other startle disorders.

Individuals with this condition were first found in the Moosehead Lake region of Maine, and were first described by George Miller Beard in 1878.

From Wikipedia: Jumping Frenchmen of Maine (CC BY-SA 4.0) ↗ · text CC BY-SA 4.0

Image: The Public Domain Review