
mind & bodyanalysisThe Public Domain ReviewMiddle Ages · Europe
Medieval physicians diagnosed illness by examining the colour and texture of patients' urine
In medieval medicine, urine was one of the main tools for diagnosis. Physicians studied its colour, from pale to cabbage green, and its thickness, from watery to coarse like meal, and matched these to a chart of the four bodily humours. The practice, called uroscopy, was used to identify disease, but it could also be used to guess a patient's sexual history, the likelihood of recovery and even impending death. Manuscripts and illustrated charts show how detailed the classifications became. Uroscopy was a method that looked convincing on paper, because it turned a bottle of liquid into a readable record of the body's inner state. It was common enough that the flask became a symbol of the physician.
Medieval medicine was based on the theory of four humours, which were thought to be blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. Physicians believed that an imbalance of these humours changed the body's fluids and could be seen in them. Urine was thought to reflect what was happening inside the body, so its colour and texture were read as clues to the balance of the humours.
Uroscopy shows how medieval medicine tried to read the body through visible signs, using a theory of humours rather than the chemistry and laboratory tests that came much later. It also shows how a diagnostic practice could take on social and moral meanings beyond health. The method was widely used for centuries, which makes it a useful case study in how medicine built its authority.
The urine flask was a common symbol of the medieval physician, and it appears in many manuscripts and paintings.
Image: The Public Domain Review
